Manual
Diabetic retinopathy
Retina
Diabetic retinopathy
Screening, grading and treatment.
| Grade | Findings | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|
| No DR | — | 12 months |
| Mild NPDR | Microaneurysms only | 12 months |
| Moderate NPDR | More than MAs, less than severe | 6–12 months |
| Severe NPDR | 4-2-1 rule | 2–4 months; consider PRP/anti-VEGF |
| PDR | NVD/NVE, vitreous/preretinal hemorrhage | Treat (PRP or anti-VEGF) |
- Screening: type 1 — 5 years after diagnosis; type 2 — at diagnosis; pregnancy — first trimester.
- Center-involving DME with vision loss → anti-VEGF first line (Protocol T, I).
- Protocol S: anti-VEGF non-inferior to PRP for PDR at 2 years (requires adherence).
Educational summary — follow local protocols and current guidelines.